The interrelationship between periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus – a review of the literature.

Introduction. Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects the supporting structures of the teeth, whereas diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. Evidence indicates a bidirectional relationship between these two conditions: periodontal disease may negatively influence glycemic control and contribute to increased HbA1c levels, while diabetes can intensify periodontal inflammation. Aim of the study. This paper explores the association between periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus focusing on the ways in which these two chronic conditions interact and influence one another. The study examines how metabolic control affects periodontal status and considers the potential role of periodontal therapy in the evolution of diabetes. In addition, it aims to evaluate the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease among patients with diabetes and to identify the metabolic and behavioral factors that may contribute to this relationship. Material and Methods. This review of the literature shows that patients with diabetes mellitus, regardless of type, have a higher prevalence and more severe forms of periodontal disease compared to people without diabetes. Relevant literature was identified through a search of electronic databases including PubMed, ResearchGate, and Google Scholar using the following keywords: “periodontal disease”, “diabetes mellitus”, “HbA1c and periodontitis”. Results. The initial search yielded 278 articles. Following the application of predefined inclusion criteria and a stepwise selection process, as well as the review of available full-text publications, 19 studies fulfilled the eligibility requirements and were ultimately included in the present analysis. Conclusions. The analyzed data support the presence of a clear bidirectional relationship between diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease. Effective metabolic control, together with proper oral hygiene, plays an important role in slowing the progression of both conditions. These findings highlight the importance of a coordinated approach between dental and medical care.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.62838/ASMJ.2026.1.04